My research interests include theories of social anthropology, Indigenous Christianity, historical consciousness, and the state and cultural politics. My work focuses on the Bunun of Taiwan and the Bugkalot (Ilongot) of the Philippines.
I started my fieldwork among the Bunun in 1991 and has been concerned particularly with how they deal with changing historical conditions brought about mainly, but not solely, by colonialism, as well as the intricate relationships between their conditions and their experience and understanding of their lived world. Previous studies of the Bunun exhibit a strong predilection for historical reconstruction that leads to the reification of a bounded, essentialized traditional culture. As a result, certain contemporary phenomena are dismissed or devalued, while other aspects of the present are taken to represent “traditional life”—the way things were before Japanese or Han-Chinese intrusions. I challenge the theoretical and methodological assumptions of those studies by rethinking the traditional socio-cultural characteristics of the Bunun, taking into account the complexity of contemporary phenomena and examining new issues such as the politicization of historical memory and the invention of tradition.
In my early discussions of the Bunun, I compared them with ethnographies of other groups in Southeast Asian to highlight their similarities and differences. In 2005, I began to do fieldwork with the Bugkalot (Ilongot) of the Philippines. My purpose was to more systematically develop in-depth comparative Austronesian studies.
The classic ethnographies of Michelle Rosaldo (1980) and Renato Rosaldo (1980) point out that headhunting, the cultural core of the Bugkalot, is closely linked with their concept of personhood, emotional idioms, and social characteristics. It is also the central moving force in shaping their historical consciousness. The Bugkalot succeeded in resisting colonial invasion through headhunting for hundreds of years, but they have experienced dramatic socio-cultural changes since the 1960s after their mass conversion to Christianity. Previous studies have deliberately neglected the phenomena of change and the Christianization process. Thus, my main research focus has been to take up the evangelical encounter between the Bugkalot and the New Tribes Misssion. The decline of headhunting has opened the way for large state-sponsored development projects, and these have brought their own political and economic changes. I am concerned with how the Bugkalot perceive, experience, and respond to these changes, and how Christianity, the state, and capitalism are impacting the Bugkalot locally.
筆者的研究領域為社會人類學理論、親屬與人觀、宗教變遷、社會記憶與歷史意識、殖民主義與文化政治;主要的研究對象為 臺灣南島民族中的布農人,以及正準備展開密集田野調查的菲律賓Ilongot人。自1991年以來,筆者居住在布農人的聚落中從事密集田野調查工作的時間累計已逾兩年,並根據長期以來對布農社會文化的研究與了解,完成了博士論文與數篇文章。
筆者的博士論文主要是在探討當代布農人如何面對殖民的歷史過程所帶來的政治與社會文化變遷,以及這些歷史與社會條件和布農人對其生活世界的經驗與認識間之錯綜複雜的關係。和過去對布農人的研究非常不同的是,本論文並非以建構傳統文化為目的(此傾向支配了馬淵東一、岡田謙、衛惠林、丘其謙等的研究);亦非以重建的傳統社會文化為出發點,來探討其在外來的政治經濟和宗教力量的衝擊下如何變遷或持續的問題(此傾向以黃應貴為代表)。以上這兩種研究取向不免有物化和本質化傳統文化而忽略或貶抑當代現象,或是將當代現象混淆為傳統之歷史脈絡錯置的問題。因此,本論文跳脫對傳統社會文化的重建,認真地由布農人目前所面臨的問題出發,來探索當代政治與文化現象的複雜性,包括布農人如何理解與建構他們與國家的關係、歷史記憶的政治化、傳統的再創造等。這樣的取向已涉及對人類學的當代位置及其切題性(contemporary relevance)的思考。面對後殖民理論的批判,以及原住民本身文化意識高漲且投入他們自己傳統文化的保存與研究的趨勢下,人類學很難再偏重於對傳統社會文化的建構而忽略當代迫切需要思考和研究的議題。筆者的博士論文是 臺灣的南島民族研究中少見的在這方向的嘗試。本論文也企圖透過對民族誌實踐的重塑,來達成對布農人的新的理解。早期對布農人的研究,往往因對其親屬組織、社會特性與結構原則的偏重而忽略文化意義與人的實踐本身的重要性。黃應貴後來對基本文化分類概念的研究,即是企圖要糾正這些缺失。然而,他的研究因為過度系統化民族誌資料來支持其理論觀點與論證,而不能充分傳達和貼近布農人的經驗與感覺。這也與前述他一貫先重建傳統文化、繼而探討其在外力影響下的變遷與持續性的研究方式有關。筆者認為當代布農人政治與文化現象的複雜性與微妙性,已不能用過度系統性的基本文化分類概念來掌握。反而,筆者認為更基本的工作是回歸到民族誌,誠實地由長期田野工作中所觀察、見證、參與和分享的布農人現在的日常生活與經驗著手,再進一步探討人類學的理論是否能闡明和啟發我們的理解與認識,以及與之對話。否則,很容易有過度理論化及民族誌與理論不能結合或脫節的問題。筆者也主張這樣的研究方式,對 臺灣的南島民族的研究有更普遍的重要性。
在完成博士論文後,筆者致力於繼續發展博士論文中所探討的一些議題的理論意涵;同時,也開拓新的研究領域。目前已出版或即將出版的論文,主要集中在探討歷史記憶與布農人的國家想像,以及結合民族誌與歷史資料來重新思考布農人的傳統社會文化特性。未來筆者將繼續對布農人的研究,累積受人類學理論啟發的民族誌(theoretically informed ethnography),並希望更有系統地比較研究另一個東南亞地區的南島民族如何經歷不同的殖民歷史過程,以及面對殖民的歷史過程所造成的政治經濟與社會文化變遷。透過研究其他西方人類學家已累積了豐富成果的民族,筆者希望發展區域性的觀點,並進一步與世界人類學對話。因此,筆者選定Michelle Rosaldo和Renato Rosaldo所研究過的、並和布農人有許多具啟發性的相似與相異之處的菲律賓人為新的研究對象。在初步的田野探勘之後,筆者發現Ilongot人認為基督教的傳入是當地社會文化變遷最主要的動力和因素,但是過去的研究卻刻意忽視基督教化的過程與其重要性。這其實是和Michelle Rosaldo與Renato Rosaldo所抱持的人類學理論立場有關的。因此,筆者將先以Ilongot人與New Tribes Mission之間的福音遭遇(evangelical encounter)為研究重點,探討基督教與Ilongot社會文化及其現代性之間的錯綜複雜的關係。