My research concerns the Miao people in China. The Miao are one of the highland peoples of Monsoon Asia and have been vividly described by US anthropologist Louisa Schein as “an elusive object” created by China’s “internal orientalism.” Historically, the Chinese have always conceived of the Miao population as ignorant barbarians, and given this position of assumed inferiority, the solution to ‘‘the Miao problem’’ has almost universally been a policy of educating them so that they may become civilized.
Drawing from Chicago anthropologist Robert Redfield’s comparative civilizations project in the 1950s, which produced an alternative vision of modernization, I understand “civilization” as a theory for socio-cultural change, referring to a state- or ideology-oriented modernization aimed toward definite ends in the future. As one of the fifty-six officially recognized Chinese nationalities, the Miao have defined their modernity not by escaping the Chinese concept of civilization but by embracing it. Their eagerness to express themselves as part of the nation is an assertion of their civilized modernity.
While noting the rupture between the Miao as a rebellious group in Qing times and a conformist minority of the Chinese nation, my research asks questions like: How has “Miao,” as an identity marker, become a property through which Miao institutions have been (re)formed? How do Miao institutions function? My current writing project focuses on the conformism of Miao Christians/intellectuals, particularly where they engage in ethnographic topics related to Christianity and Miao studies (miaoxue). I pay special attention to the identity crisis they have encountered while embracing civilization, and subsequent debates between Christians and intellectuals over Miao secularism.
自1999年首次進入苗寨進行田野調查以來,我的研究對象一直是「苗/苗族/苗人(Miao/Hmong)」。我的苗研究最大的特點,是用民族誌的方法研究苗人的部落社會。在研究方法上,我以為民族誌方法論的特點,是研究者的認識論將會決定他的研究對象在民族誌中所呈現的樣貌, 是以在認識論上強調部落社會與族群社會的差異有其必要性。因此,我主張把苗視為一個類別、一個族群或者是一個部落,將會導致完全不同取向的民族誌呈現。
我的理論關懷著重在探討溝通技術的社會效應。以苗為研究對象,探討口語和文字兩種不同的溝通技術如何構成苗人部落社會的不同結群方式,以及溝通技術的改變如何推動苗人社會變遷。
一方面,通過與Hmong(西部苗)傳統儀式語言相關的研究,我提出一個關於Hmong人語言意識形態的論點,即:口語和文字是兩種截然不同的「語言」,兩者在儀式中並沒有可轉換性。我主張Hmong的父系結群方式顯然是一個拒絕語文效應的絕佳案例,即使文字已成為當代社會的主流溝通技術,在親屬儀式的實踐中, 仍舊保留了一個不可被文字化的意義範疇,並藉此來定義Hmong人的父系親屬群體與親屬關係。
另一方面,在 Ahmao(大花苗)改宗與基督教化的相關研究中,我注意到Ahmao自1905年大規模改宗運動以來,原有的社會組織、權威結構和儀式知識系統,完全被教會組織、基督教權威與知識系統所取代,在傳教士的主導下,Ahmao基督教知識系統被塑造成是以聖經為主的語文知識系統,與以口語為主的傳統儀式知識系統劃清界限。我主張在基督教本土化的歷程中,語文的爭議如影隨形,在每一個重大的轉折中,口語和文字的關係都再一次被重新定義,Ahmao基督教也呈現不同的面貌。
在過去研究的基礎上,我正在進行的研究是石門坎Ahmao社會的「去」語文現象,以期能夠更全面的描述Ahmao基督徒社群的歷史與當代面貌。除此之外,我也藉由跨區域比較研究擴展研究視角與強化理論深度,持續關注當代中國西南與高地東南亞Hmong人社會的千禧福音運動。我以為千禧福音運動的出現必然來自某種新型態溝通技術的介入,千禧福音運動的未來性旨在顛覆社群穩定利基的現世結構,從溝通技術的社會效應來探討千禧福音運動的本質與現象,可突顯社群性的未來面向,重新思考在當代社群中已經出現且越來越重要的「未來效應」 。